5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

5g Network

 5g Network 

The 5g network has been the talk of the town in tech circles for years now. It’s a revolutionary new technology that promises to revolutionize our lives, from faster internet speeds to improved latency and more. But what exactly is 5g, and how does it differ from its predecessors? In this blog article, we will discuss the basics of 5g technology and its implications and advantages over previous generations. We will also explore some of the potential applications of 5g networks and how they can be used to better our lives.

What is 5G? Benefits of 5G Network

• 5G is the fifth generation of cellular network technology. It follows the previous generations, 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. 5G promises much faster speeds than its predecessors. It also has the ability to connect far more devices at once and handle far more data traffic than any other previous generation. 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

• The benefits of 5G are many. The most obvious benefit is its speed. 5G can theoretically reach speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbps). That’s fast enough to download an entire HD movie in less than a minute. In real-world tests, 5G speeds have been recorded at around 1 Gbps. That’s still about 100 times faster than 4G LTE speeds.

• Another big benefit of 5G is that it has much lower latency than previous generations. Latency is the time it takes for a packet of data to travel from one point to another. With 5G, latency can be as low as 1 millisecond (ms). That’s about one-tenth the latency of 4G LTE networks. For comparison, the human brain processes information in about 10 ms. So, with 5G you could theoretically get a response back from a server before you even realize you sent a request!

• 5g also has increased capacity over earlier generations. This means that more devices can be connected to the same 5g cell tower without experiencing any slowdown in speed or connection quality. This 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

What is 5G? Definition, Benefits

5G is the next generation of mobile networks. It is set to provide faster speeds, lower latency, and more reliable connections than ever before. 5G will enable a new era of mobile connectivity, making it possible for people to connect to the internet at speeds that were previously unattainable. The benefits of 5G are many and varied, but some of the most important include:

Faster Speeds: 5G will offer speeds that are up to 100 times faster than those currently available on 4G networks. This means that users will be able to download movies, music, and other large files in a matter of seconds.

Lower Latency: One of the biggest issues with current mobile networks is latency – the time it takes for data to travel from one point to another. 5G will significantly reduce latency, making it possible for real-time applications such as augmented reality and virtual reality to work seamlessly.

More Reliable Connections: 5G will also offer more reliable connections than ever before. This is due to the fact that 5G networks will use a different frequency than 4G networks, which are susceptible to interference from things like buildings and trees.

Increased Capacity: With more users connecting to mobile networks than ever before, capacity is becoming an issue. 5G will help solve this problem by increasing the amount of data that can be transmitted over a given period of time. 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Improved Battery Life: One of the big issues with current 4G

What Is 5G? - How Does 5G Network

The term “5G” is short for “fifth-generation wireless”, and refers to the next major phase of mobile cellular technology. 5G will be much faster than current 4G LTE networks, with speeds that are 10 to 100 times faster. This means that you will be able to download movies and files in a matter of seconds, instead of minutes. In addition, 5G will have lower latency, which is the delay between when you send a signal and when it is received. This will enable new applications such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and self-driving cars. 5G will also be more energy-efficient than current networks, and have the ability to connect a large number of devices at once. 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

5G technology and networks

The "G" in "G technology and networks" stands for Generation. So, this section is about the different generations of mobile networks and how they've evolved.

1st Generation (1G)

The first generation of mobile networks were analog and used technologies like AMPS and NMT. These networks were designed for voice calls and didn't have the capacity for data services.

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

2nd Generation (2G)

The second generation of mobile networks were digital and introduced technologies like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA. These networks allowed for data services like text messaging and email, but data speeds were slow (9.6kbps).

3rd Generation (3G)

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

The third generation of mobile networks introduced high-speed data services with technologies like UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA. Data speeds on 3G networks are up to 14Mbps.

4th Generation (4G)

The fourth generation of mobile networks is the current generation of networks. It uses LTE technology to provide high-speed data services with speeds up to 100Mbps. 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

5G technology and networks

G technology and networks are constantly evolving, and so are the ways in which we use them. As we become more reliant on technology, it's important to stay up-to-date on the latest trends and developments. Here's a look at some of the most important things to know about G technology and networks:

• The network infrastructure is constantly evolving. As new technologies emerge, they're quickly integrated into the existing network infrastructure. This means that thenetwork is always changing and evolving, which can be challenging for businesses and individuals alike.

• There's a lot of data out there. With more devices and users connected to the internet than ever before, there's a huge amount of data being generated every day. This data can be used to help businesses make better decisions, but it can also be overwhelming if you're not sure where to start.

• Security is a top priority. As our reliance on technology grows, so does the need for strong security measures. Hackers are becoming more sophisticated, and so are the methods they use to attack networks and devices. Businesses need to be vigilant about protecting their data and their customers' data from potential threats.

• Reliability is essential. When it comes to technology, we expect things to work perfectly all the time. But the reality is that sometimes things go wrong, or unforeseen events happen that can cause disruptions in service. That's why businesses need to have contingency plans in place in case of an unexpected outage

What is 5G? 4G LTE vs 5G, Speed

5G is the fifth generation of cellular network technology. 5G offers faster speeds and lower latency than its predecessor, 4G LTE. 5G also supports more devices and higher resolution video than 4G LTE.

Australia's Largest 5G Network

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

1. In order to ensure that everyone in Australia can experience the benefits of 5G, we have built the country's largest 5G network. This network covers more than 23 million Australians in over 3,500 towns and cities, and will continue to expand as we roll out more 5G sites.
2. Our 5G network is based on our existing 4G network, which means that we can offer a consistent and reliable experience to all of our customers. We're also using the latest technology to make sure that our network is as efficient as possible, so that we can offer even faster speeds and lower latency.
3. We're committed to making sure that everyone in Australia can benefit from 5G, and our extensive coverage is just one way that we're doing this. So if you're looking for a great 5G experience, make sure you choose Optus.

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

'5G makes my phone pretty worthless'

The next generation of wireless networks, 5G, is coming. And it's going to make your phone pretty worthless.

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

4G LTE networks are fast, but they're limited by the amount of data that can be transmitted over the air. 5G will be much faster, with speeds up to 10 gigabits per second. But that's not the only difference.

5G will also have significantly lower latency, meaning the time it takes for a device to receive a response from the network will be dramatically reduced. That's important for things like streaming video and gaming, where even a slight delay can ruin the experience.

5G will also enable a whole new class of applications that simply aren't possible with today's technology. Things like augmented reality and virtual reality will finally become practical thanks to the low latency and high speeds of 5G.

So what does all this mean for your phone? Well, unless it's a very new model, it's probably not going to be able to take advantage of all the benefits that 5G has to offer. Even if your phone is relatively new, it's likely that it won't be able to take full advantage of 5G unless you buy a new one specifically designed for it.

In other words, if you want to stay on the cutting edge of mobile technology, you're going to need to upgrade your phone when 5G rolls out. Otherwise, you'll be stuck with a slower, less capable

 5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices. 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries.

In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth-generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cellphones. 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers and account for 25% of the worldwide mobile technology market by 2025, according to the GSM Association and Statista.[1][2]

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell. The new networks have higher download speeds, eventually up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbit/s).[3] In addition to 5G being faster than existing networks, 5G has higher bandwidth and can thus connect more different devices, improving the quality of Internet services in crowded areas.[4] Due to the increased bandwidth, it is expected the networks will increasingly be used as general internet service providers (ISPs) for laptops and desktop computers, competing with existing ISPs such as cable internet, and also will make possible new applications in internet-of-things (IoT) and machine-to-machine areas. Cellphones with 4G capability alone are not able to use the 5G networks.

5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a cellular base station via fixed antennas, over frequency channels assigned by the base station. The base stations, termed nodes, are connected to switching centers in the telephone network and routers for Internet access by high-bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connections. As in other cellular networks, a mobile device moving from one cell to another is automatically handed off seamlessly. 5G is expected to support up to a million devices per square kilometer. 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

The industry consortium setting standards for 5G, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), defines "5G" as any system using 5G NR (5G New Radio) software - a definition that came into general use by late 2018.

Several network operators use millimeter waves called FR2 in 5G terminology, for additional capacity and higher throughputs. Millimeter waves have a shorter range than the lower frequency microwaves, therefore the cells are of a smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls. Millimeter-wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. Some are only a few centimeters long.

The increased data rate is achieved partly by using additional higher-frequency radio waves in addition to the low- and medium-band frequencies used in previous cellular networks. For providing a wide range of services, 5G networks can operate in three frequency bands – low, medium, and high.

5G can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave 24 GHz up to 54 GHz. Low-band 5G uses a similar frequency range to 4G cellphones, 600–900 MHz, giving download speeds a little higher than 4G: 30–250 megabits per second (Mbit/s).[5] Low-band cell towers have a range and coverage area similar to 4G towers. Mid-band 5G uses microwaves of 1.7–4.7 GHz, allowing speeds of 100–900 Mbit/s, with each cell tower providing service up to several kilometers in radius. This level of service is the most widely deployed, and was deployed in many metropolitan areas in 2020. Some regions are not implementing the low band, making Mid-band the minimum service level. High-band 5G uses frequencies of 24–47 GHz, near the bottom of the millimeter wave band, although higher frequencies may be used in the future. It often achieves download speeds in the gigabit-per-second (Gbit/s) range, comparable to cable internet. However, millimeter waves (mmWave or mmW) have a more limited range, requiring many small cells.[6] They can be impeded or blocked by materials in walls or windows.[7] Due to their higher cost, plans are to deploy these cells only in dense urban environments and areas where crowds of people congregate such as sports stadiums and convention centers. The above speeds are those achieved in actual tests in 2020, and speeds are expected to increase during rollout.[5] The spectrum ranging from 24.25–29.5 GHz has been the most licensed and deployed 5G mmWave spectrum range in the world.[citation needed]

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Rollout of 5G technology has led to debate over its security and relationship with Chinese vendors. It has also been the subject of health concerns and misinformation, including discredited conspiracy theories linking it to the COVID-19 pandemic. 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

Application Areas

The ITU-R has defined three main application areas for the enhanced capabilities of 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).[8] Only eMBB is deployed in 2020; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most locations.[9] 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE mobile broadband services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity. This will benefit areas of higher traffic such as stadiums, cities, and concert venues.[10]

Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) refer to using the network for mission critical applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange. The short-packet data transmission is used to meet both reliability and latency requirements of the wireless communication networks. 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of devices. 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices.[11] Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones, transmitting via 4G or 5G, will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders.[11] Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection.[12] However, most autonomous vehicles also feature teleoperations for mission accomplishment, and these greatly benefit from 5G technology.[13][14]

Performance

This article possibly contains unsourced predictions, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur. Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources. Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

Speed

5G speeds will range from around 50 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps (1 Gbps) depending on the RF channel and BS load. The fastest 5G speeds would be in the mmWave bands and can reach 4 Gbit/s with carrier aggregation and MIMO (assuming a perfect channel and no other BS load).

Sub-6 GHz 5G (mid-band), by far the most common, can deliver between 10 and 1,000 Mbps; it will have a much further reach than mmWave bands. In the sub-6 bands, C-Band (n77/n78) will be deployed by various U.S. operators in 2022. C-Band had been planned to be deployed by Verizon and AT&T in early January 2022 but was delayed due to safety concerns raised by the Federal Aviation Administration.[15][16]

Low bands (such as n5) offer a greater range, thereby a greater coverage area for a given site, but their speeds are lower than the mid and high bands.

 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

Latency

In 5G, the ideal "air latency" is of the order of 8–12 milliseconds i.e., excluding delays due to HARQ retransmissions, handovers, etc. Retransmission latency and backhaul latency to the server must be added to the "air latency" for correct comparisons. Verizon reported the latency on its 5G early 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business deployment is 30 ms. Edge Servers close to the towers can probably reduce latency to 10 - 15 ms.

Latency is much higher during handovers; ranging from 50 to 500 milliseconds depending on the type of handover. Reducing handover interruption time is an ongoing area of research and development; options include modifying the handover margin (offset) and the time-to-trigger (TTT).

Error rate

5G uses adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to keep the bit error rate (BLER) extremely low. Whenever the error rate crosses a (very low) threshold the transmitter will switch to a lower MCS, which will be less error-prone. This way speed is sacrificed to ensure an almost zero error rate.

Range

The range of 5G depends on many factors: transmit power, frequency, and interference. For example, mmWave (e.g.:band n258) will have a lower range than mid-band (e.g.: band n78) which will have a lower range than low-band (e.g.: band n5)

Given the marketing hype on what 5G can offer, simulators and drive tests are used by cellular service providers for the precise measurement of 5G performance. 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Standards

Initially, the term was associated with the International Telecommunication Union's IMT-2020 standard, which required a theoretical peak download speed of 20 gigabits per second and 10 gigabits per second upload speed, along with other requirements.[17] Then, the industry standards group 3GPP chose the 5G NR (New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal for submission to the IMT-2020 standard.[18][19]

5G NR can include lower frequencies (FR1), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (FR2), above 24 GHz. However, the speed and latency in early FR1 deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (non-standalone), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15 to 50% better.[20][21][22]

The standard documents for 5G are organized by 3GPP.[23][24]

The 5G system architecture is defined in TS 23.501.[25] The packet protocol for mobility management (establishing connection and moving between base stations) and session management (connecting to networks and network slices) is described in TS 24.501.[26] Specifications of key data structures are found in TS 23.003.[27] 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

Fronthaul network

IEEE covers several areas of 5G with a core focus in wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on network architecture and dividing the connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU) being the NGFI-I (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried.[page needed] The IEEE 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format capable of carrying IQ data in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on the 3GPP definition of functional splits.[page needed]

5G NR 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Main article: 5G NR

5G NR (New Radio) is a new air interface developed for the 5G network.[28] It is supposed to be the global standard for the air interface of 3GPP 5G networks.[29]

5Gi

5Gi is a local 5G standard developed by India. It is a joint collaboration between IIT Madras, IIT Hyderabad, TSDSI, and the Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology (CEWiT). The homegrown 5Gi standard (also known as Radio Interface Technology or RIT) is aimed at improving 5G coverage in rural and remote areas of India’s diverse geographical terrain. 5Gi standard uses Low Mobility Large Cell (LMLC) to extend 5G connectivity and the range of a base station.

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Pre-standard implementations

5GTF: The 5G network implemented by American carrier Verizon for Fixed Wireless Access in late 2010s uses a pre-standard specification known as 5GTF (Verizon 5G Technical Forum). The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR. There are plans to upgrade 5GTF to 5G NR "Once [it] meets our strict specifications for our customers," according to Verizon.[30][needs update?]

5G-SIG: Pre-standard specification of 5G developed by KT Corporation. Deployed at Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics.[31] 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

Internet of things

In the Internet of things (IoT), 3GPP is going to submit evolution of NB-IoT and eMTC (LTE-M) as 5G technologies for the LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) use case.[32]

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Deployment

See also: List of 5G NR networks

5G 3.5 GHz cell site of Deutsche Telekom in Darmstadt, Germany

5G 3.5 GHz cell site of Vodafone in Karlsruhe, G 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Businessermany

1.  Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be used for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications, in what being described as NR-U (5G NR in Unlicensed Spectrum)[33]
2. Initial 5G NR launches depended on pairing with existing LTE (4G) infrastructure in non-standalone (NSA) mode (5G NR radio with 4G core), before maturation of the standalone (SA) mode with the 5G core network.[34]
3. As of April 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association had identified 224 operators in 88 countries that have demonstrated, are testing or trialing, or have been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced service launches.[35] The equivalent numbers in November 2018 were 192 operators in 81 countries.[36] 
4. The first country to adopt 5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish telecoms giant Ericsson predicted that 5G internet will cover up to 65% of the world's population by the end of 2025.[37] Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reals ($238.30 million) in Brazil to add a new assembly line dedicated to fifth-generation technology (5G) for its Latin American operations.[38] 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business
5. When South Korea launched its 5G network, all carriers used Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia base stations and equipment, except for LG U Plus, who also used Huawei equipment.[39][40] Samsung was the largest supplier for 5G base stations in South Korea at launch, having shipped 53,000 base stations at the time, out of 86,000 base stations installed across the country at the time.[41]
6. The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea, SK Telecom claimed 38,000 base stations, KT Corporation 30,000 and LG U Plus 18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities.[42] They are using 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum in non-standalone (NSA) mode and tested speeds were from 193 to 430 Mbit/s down.[43] 260,000 signed up in the first month and 4.7 million by the end of 2019.[44] T-Mobile US was the 1st company in the world to launch a commercially available 5G NR Standalone network.[45]

Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers: Altiostar, Cisco Systems, Datang Telecom/Fiberhome, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Qualcomm, Samsung, and ZTE.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Spectrum

Large quantities of new radio spectrum (5G NR frequency bands) have been allocated to 5G.[53] For example, in July 2016, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date.[54] In March 2018, European Union lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26 GHz bands by 2020.[55]

As of March 2019, there are reportedly 52 countries, territories, special administrative regions, disputed territories and dependencies that are formally considering introducing certain spectrum bands for terrestrial 5G services, are holding consultations regarding suitable spectrum allocations for 5G, have reserved spectrum for 5G, have announced plans to auction frequencies or have already allocated spectrum for 5G use.[56]

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

5G devices

In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association released the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device launches.[57] In it, the GSA identified 23 vendors who have confirmed the availability of forthcoming 5G devices with 33 different devices including regional variants. There were seven announced 5G device form factors: (telephones (×12 devices), hotspots (×4), indoor and outdoor customer-premises equipment (×8), modules (×5), Snap-on dongles and adapters (×2), and USB terminals (×1)).[58] By October 2019, the number of announced 5G devices had risen to 129, across 15 form factors, from 56 vendors.[59]

In the 5G IoT chipset arena, as of April 2019 there were four commercial 5G modem chipsets and one commercial processor/platform, with more launches expected in the near future.[60]

On March 6, 2020, the first-ever all-5G smartphone Samsung Galaxy S20 was released. According to Business Insider, the 5G feature was showcased as more expensive in comparison with 4G; the line up starts at US$1,000, in comparison with Samsung Galaxy S10e which started at US$750.[61] On March 19, HMD Global, the current maker of Nokia-branded phones, announced the Nokia 8.3 5G, which it claimed as having a wider range of 5G compatibility than any other phone released to that time. The mid-range model, with an initial Eurozone price of €599, is claimed to support all 5G bands from 600 MHz to 3.8 GHz.[62] 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

OnePlus released 8‚ 8pro‚ 8t with 5g support

Many phone manufacturers support 5G. Apple iPhone 12 and later versions support 5G.[63][64] Google Pixel phones support it, since version 5.[65]

Technology

New radio frequencies

See also: 5G NR frequency bands

The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2 (24–54 GHz)

Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz) 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Otherwise known as sub-6, the maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is 3.3–4.2 GHz. The Korean carriers use the n78 band at 3.5 GHz.

Some parties used the term "mid-band" frequency to refer to higher part of this frequency range that was not used in previous generations of mobile communication.

Frequency range 2 (24–71 GHz)

The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. The higher the frequency, the greater the ability to support high data-transfer speeds. Signals in this frequency range with wavelengths between 4 and 12 mm are called millimeter waves. 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

FR2 coverage

5G in the 24 GHz range or above use higher frequencies than 4G, and as a result, some 5G signals are not capable of traveling large distances (over a few hundred meters), unlike 4G or lower frequency 5G signals (sub 6 GHz). This requires placing 5G base stations every few hundred meters in order to use higher frequency bands. Also, these higher frequency 5G signals cannot penetrate solid objects easily, such as cars, trees, walls, and even humans, because of the nature of these higher frequency electromagnetic waves. 5G cells can be deliberately designed to be as inconspicuous as possible, which finds applications in places like restaurants and shopping malls.[66]

Cell types Deployment environment Max. number ​of users Output power ​(W) Max. distance from ​base station

5G NR FR2 Femtocell Homes, businesses Home: 4–8

Businesses: 16–32 indoors: 0.01–0.1

outdoors: 0.2–1 tens of meters 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Pico cell Public areas like shopping malls,

airports, train stations, skyscrapers 64 to 128 indoors: 0.1–0.25

outdoors: 1–5 tens of meters

Micro cell Urban areas to fill coverage gaps 128 to 256 outdoors: 5−10 few hundreds of meters

Metro cell Urban areas to provide additional capacity more than 250 outdoors: 10−20 hundreds of meters 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Wi-Fi

(for comparison) Homes, businesses fewer than 50 indoors: 0.02–0.1

outdoors: 0.2–1 few tens of meters

Massive MIMO

See also: Multi-user MIMO

MIMO systems use multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver ends of a wireless communication system. Multiple antennas use the spatial dimension for multiplexing in addition to the time and frequency ones, without changing the bandwidth requirements of the system.

Massive MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output) antenna 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Businesss increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of antennas. This includes Single User MIMO and Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components.[citation needed] 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

In general, more antennas equal better performance. But more antennas also require bigger arrays that draw more power. Some of the places service providers deploy radio links have very tight constraints, so finding the right solution means weighing tradeoffs. For in-building coverage, the performance gain is often worth it. For outdoor or street-level coverage, maybe not.[67]

Edge computing

Main article: Multi-access edge computing

Edge computing is delivered by computing servers closer to the ultimate user. It reduces latency, data traffic congestion[68][69] and can improve service availability.[70]

Small cell

Main article: Small cell 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells are critical to 5G networks, as 5G's radio waves can't travel long distances, because of 5G's higher frequencies.[71][72][73][74]

Beamforming

Main article: Beamforming

There are two kinds of beamforming: digital and analog. Digital beamforming involves sending the data across multiple streams (layers), while analog beamforming shaping the radio waves to point in a specific direction. The analog BF technique combines the power from elements of the antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference, while other signals pointing to other angles experience destructive interference. This improves signal quality in the specific direction, as well as data transfer speeds.[citation needed] 5G uses both digital and analog beamforming to improve the system capacity.[75]

Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular

One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to achieve cost, power, and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with Wi-Fi band/technology via various efforts, such as License Assisted Access (LAA; 5G signal in unlicensed frequency bands that are also used by Wi-Fi) and LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA; convergence with Wi-Fi Radio), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have limited the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G, combined with migration from Distributed Radio Access Network (D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) and rollout of cellular small cells can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies.[76]

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)

NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future cellular systems via allocation of power.[citation needed] 5g Network|Everything You Need to Know About 5G|5G - Wikipedia|The Benefits of 5G for Business

SDN/NFV

Main articles: Software-defined networking, SD-WAN, Network function virtualization, and 5G network slicing

Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing voice services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and technologies is inclined towards developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT), web of connected autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled robots, and heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications.[77] In this context, network slicing has emerged as a key technology to efficiently embrace this new market model.[78]

Channel coding

The channel coding techniques for 5G NR have changed from Turbo codes in 4G to polar codes for the control channels and LDPC (low-density parity check codes) for the data channels.[79][80]

Operation in unlicensed spectrum 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

In December 2018, 3GPP began working on unlicensed spectrum specifications known as 5G NR-U, targeting 3GPP Release 16.[81] Qualcomm has made a similar proposal for LTE in unlicensed spectrum.

Future evolution 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business

5G-Advanced

5G-Advanced is a name for 3GPP release 18, which as of 2021 is under conceptual development.[82][83][84]

 5g Network|Everything |The Benefits of 5G for Business